Social Protection Policies And Programmes Are Really Just...

Assignment on â€Å"Social protection policies and programmes are really just a form of residual social welfare and cannot address deep-seated problems of poverty.† Discuss. By: Elin Lakra ( M2014CODP007) Course Teacher: Prof. Pushpendra Kumar Date: 31/07/2015 Contents: ïÆ'Ëœ Introduction ïÆ'Ëœ Social Protection in India ïÆ'Ëœ Poverty in India ïÆ'Ëœ The Residual Social Welfare ïÆ'Ëœ Advantage ïÆ'Ëœ Limitations ïÆ'Ëœ Conclusion ïÆ'Ëœ Reference Introduction: - Social Protection refers to those measures that aim at preventing, reducing and eliminating social and economic vulnerabilities to poverty and deprivation. Poverty and deprivation continue to affect large number of population across the world despite rapid growth over more than six decade and according to UN Report about 80 percent of the populations are living without access to adequate social protection cover. Social protection helps in the realization of all entitlements which are given as human rights to all human being and which are enshrined in Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Social Protection in India: - When we talk about the social protection in India, the Indian Constitution contains all the ingredients which compel the state to move towards the realization of socio-economic rights. The Fundamental Rights of the Constitution prohibit human trafficking and child labor in hazardous industries, it talks about right of children to education and recognizes the right to form association and unions. The DirectiveShow MoreRelatedAreas of Knowledge of Hrm11342 Words   |  46 Pagesthe organisation. A contract of employment may be defined as an agreement voluntarily entered into between the employer and the employee as regards the manner of performance of specified duties. A contract of employment can usually be made in any form, by deed, in writing or by words of mouth. The contract of employment is governed by the general principles of law of contract. Essential Features of a contract of Employment A contract of employment is a written statement, which usually containsRead MoreTrade Openness and Economic Growth in Nigeria23422 Words   |  94 Pagestariffs. The liberalization of trade has led to a massive expansion in the growth of world trade relative to world output. While world output (or GDP) has expanded fivefold, the volume of world trade has grown 16 times at average compound rate of just over 7% per annum. In fact, it is difficult, if not impossible, to understand the growth and development process of countries without reference to their trading performance. (Thirlwall, 2000). Likewise, Fontagnà © and Mimouni (2000) noted that sinceRead MoreShareholder Value and Current Financial Crisis: An Analysis of the Relationship4354 Words   |  18 PagesShareholder Value and Current Financial Crisis: An analysis of the Relationship INTRODUCTION Corporate governance in a particular firm is inevitable for its administration, policy making and overall health. In other words, ‘Corporate governance affects the development and functioning of capital markets and exerts a strong influence on resource allocation[1].’ Not only does it conduct the present running of a firm but it also has a futuristic outlook and a good corporate governance system encouragesRead MoreEco-Efficiency Creating More Value with Less Impact14412 Words   |  58 Pagesexpression. After a contest and much agonizing, we came up with eco-efficiency. In simplest terms, it means creating more goods and services with ever less use of resources, waste and pollution. After only a decade, eco-efficiency is everywhere. I just now did a web search on one search engine, which offered me 6,149 more web sites about eco-efficiency. Today, universities teach it; consulting companies charge you to tell you how to do it; organizations like UNEP and the OECD hold conferences aboutRead MoreThe Impact of Business Ethic on Organisational Performance14958 Words   |  60 PagesCompliance with Legal and Financial regulations----------------------------------------------------------43 4.3.3 Business Ethics and Corporate Governance ---------------------------------------------------------------44 4.3.4 Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility -----------------------------------------------------46 CHAPTER 5: IMPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION 50 5.1 Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------50Read MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesPress 2006 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scopeRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagesintroduction Unit structure: 1. Introduction 2. Learning Objectives 3. Marketing Management 3.1. Evolution of marketing management 3.2. The Role of Marketing 3.3. Marketing concepts 3.4. The Marketing Mix (The 4 P s Of Marketing) 3.5. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Ethics in Marketing 4. Have you understood type questions 5. Summary 6. Exercises 7. References 1. INTRODUCTION: The apex body in United States of America for the Marketing functions, American Marketing Association (AMA) definesRead MoreThe Airline Industry: Facing The Challenges Of The 21st Century20678 Words   |  83 PagesTABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................3 AIR JAMAICA AND GOVERNMENT SPENDING..............................................................4 SOCIAL AND LABOUR CONSEQUENCES IN THE 21ST CENTURY TRANSPORT INDUSTRY ...............................................................................................................................7 PASSENGER AVERAGE TRIP LENGTHS AND FARE LEVELS IN ....Read MoreThe Relationship Between Job Satisfaction and Absenteeism in a Selected Field Services Section Within an Electricity Utility in the Western Cape31415 Words   |  126 Pagesas high as 12 % without even realising it.† Absenteeism seems to be a behaviour that organisations can never eliminate, but they can rather control and manage it. George and Jones (2002, p. 94) note that â€Å"organisations should not have absence policies that are so restrictive that they literally force workers to come to work even if they are ill. Organisations may want to recognise that a certain level of absence is indeed functional.† 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT Buitendach and De Witte (2005,Read MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesreserved The right of Richard M.S. Wilson and Colin Gilligan to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions

Is Retribution A Moral Justification For The Aim Of...

Essay Question: Is retribution a moral justification for the aim of punishment? Punishment is the consequent effect that you get for doing a particular crime. Some of these punishments focus on just punishing the criminal, while others are about giving an effective punishment to make sure the person would not reoffend. There are two main theories of punishment, which are utilitarian and retributive theories of punishment. This essay will discuss the theory of retributive punishment with regards to its historical beginnings, key theorists supporting and critiquing this theory and how it is still being applied in this contemporary era. Retributive theory of punishment was all about getting a punishment for the crime. Retribution is the idea that a person should be punished simply because they are guilty. Retributionist does not care about trying to make the criminal a better person so that they can get back into the community again. Their point of view is that if you committed the crime then you deserve punishment. It was focused on looking at the damage the convict did and how they should punish them regardless of its consequences. As Niriella (2013, 235) quotes, it is â€Å"warranted as a response to a past event of injustice or wrongdoing†. This contradicts the restorative style of justice which is more forward thinking and focuses on the consequences and future events. There are two forms of retributivism, positive and negative retributivism. The positive retributivism isShow MoreRelatedTheories Of Punishment994 Words   |  4 PagesDecember 2017 Punishment is defined as â€Å"the infliction or imposition of a penalty as retribution for an offense† (â€Å"Punishment†). Some prominent theories of punishment include retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and the moral education theory. Although retribution, deterrence, and rehabilitation are all crucial components of punishment justification, independently the theories have weaknesses that avert the moral rationalization of punishment. I believe that Jean Hampton’s moral education theoryRead MoreThe Case For Death Penalty1252 Words   |  6 Pagessomebody who has taken somebody else’s life is simply immoral.† When considering the issue of capital punishment, many arguments are made in favor of proponents and abolitionists. There are utilitarian arguments, retributive arguments, and egalitarian arguments. Utilitarian arguments argue against the death penalty, for they look to punish criminals for the benefit and the â€Å"lesson learned† from the punishment. They believe that this is the most effective form of deterrence, because the criminal will learnRead MoreArgument Against The Death Penalty1247 Words   |  5 Pagessomebody who has taken somebody else’s life is simply immoral.† When considering the issue of capital punishment, many arguments are made in favor of proponents and abolitionists. There are utilitarian arguments, retributive arguments, and egalitarian arguments. Utilitarian arguments argue against the death penalty, for they look to punish criminals for the benefit and the â€Å"lesson learned† from the punishment. They believe that this is the most effective form of deterrence, because the criminal will learnRead MoreJustification Of Punishment Justified By Ted Honderinch s Punishment1038 Words   |  5 PagesWhy punish? Is the use of punishment Justified? Ted Honderinch’s Punishment: The supposed Justifications Revisited aim to answer these questions. Punishment is at the core of our punitive systems, therefore society needs to establish a well thought-out moral explanation as to why we punish and what we aim to achieve with the use of punishment. Honderinch set out to analyze the supposed moral claims that justify the practice of punishment and to determine if they are satisfactory enough for the intentionalRead MoreAn Evaluation of the Death Penalty1818 Words   |  7 PagesRETRIBUTIVE JUSTIFICATION1 Introduction Constitution of the death penalty as a measure for capital punishment for criminal offenders has always been controversial. It invoked several debates and arguments as early as 19th century. Several lawmakers and philosophers attempted the evaluation of death penalty as reciprocation to the serious crimes; murder. The main aim of this essay is to try to carry out justification of various arguments that have been asserted. Though opinions regarding death penalty existedRead MoreTo Whom It May Concern: Though The Death Penalty Is Administered1727 Words   |  7 Pagesbe used. In recent years, it has been found, that the death penalty exhibits cruel and unusual punishment, as well as being racially biased. Additionally, there is an ever-growing vote that the death penalty should no longer be continued by U.S. Americana citizens. The death penalty, then, is no longer a viable form of punishment. Reasons for Going Against the Death Penalty Deterrence and Retribution By large, the reason for the death penalty is penalize those who are the worst of the worst. UsuallyRead MoreThe Theory Of Rehabilitating Fender Shifted Into Focus More1212 Words   |  5 Pages As the range of fields that study crime grew, the theory of rehabilitating the offender shifted into focus more prevalently. The aim of the theory of rehabilitation is to reform the offender, that is to say, rid them of their criminal ways. Cohen sees this task to be outside the capabilities of the justice system. The myriad of components that lead an individual to crime whether they are economic, psychological or otherwise, is too complex for the justice system to be able to grok fully. CohenRead MoreReasons For The Death Penalty1741 Words   |  7 Pagesyou want from the government if you found out one of those remains was someone very dear to you that you have been looking for years? Should they receive the death penalty? The punishment for murderers and rapists should be as heinou s as the crime they committed. The death penalty is the most humane and deserving punishment that should be dealt. It is important to understand that the death penalty predates the Roman and Egyptian empires. It can be traced as far back as ancient Babylon under theRead MoreCapital Punishment : Deontology Vs. Consequentialism1165 Words   |  5 Pages Capital Punishment: Deontology vs. consequentialism Subject: Analyze the deontological and consequentialist arguments on both sides of the issue of capital punishment in Gregg v Georgia. In this paper I will present the moral arguments of deontology and consequentialism used to determine whether or not using the death penalty was in fact constitutional. I will present both sides of the arguments and present them in the context of this trial and of similar situations where the arguments couldRead MoreThe Dilemma Of The Death Penalty1703 Words   |  7 Pagesthe justification for the death penalty. The death penalty, also known as â€Å"capital punishment†, is, â€Å"the sentence of execution for murder and some other capital crimes (serious crimes, especially murder, which are punishable by death).† (Death Penalty Law, Law And Legal Definition). The death penalty has existed in America since colonial times; however, attempts to abolish or downsize the death penalty have also been around since the founding of America. The death penalty creates many moral dilemmas

Remuneration and Employee Benefits-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Manage Remuneration and Employee Benefits. Answer: Aim of Remuneration The remuneration strategy at Star Industries is aimed to attract and retain top quality employees by bringing changes and develop further skills and knowledge. In order to ensure effectiveness the management and the team has to ensure that each team member is remunerated according to the work he/she has done. The organizational policies are related to the reward procedure (Marchington, Wilkinson, Donnelly and Kynighou, 2016). The organisation The organization will be giving away the wages as per the industrial standard without differentiating among the employees. This will give a fair position to the organization. The salaries of the employees are kept after consulting with the GM, Finance and Administration, HR Manager Etc. For the purpose of disbursing salary the Star Industries has classified the responsibilities according to three levels. The employees The employees are promoted according to the performance. The ratings are given by the management on the basis of the individual performance. The purpose is to guarantee long-term sustainability and goals. The employee is upgraded with the applicable proposal in relation with the results. Impacts of 5 external factors while developing remuneration plan Market plus philosophy: The employees are been paid in excess to the ongoing market rates. Market minus philosophy: The employees are paid lesser than the nominal industry pay. This strategy is based on paying lesser that the pre-decided market rates. It is important to consider the ongoing legislation regarding the remuneration. The management need to consider all the external factors including taxation while planning out the remuneration plan. The compensation and other benefits concerning the area need to be considered on priority in order to develop an effective plan. Impact of 5 internal factors while developing a remuneration strategy The internal policies of the organization and yearly appraisal cycle need to consider. Market standing of the organization need to be considered before development of the compensation policy Organizational policies The internal environment of the organization Effective HRM strategies followed in the organization(Bloom and Van Reenen, 2011) Job evaluation and its impacts on organisations Job evaluation is an important technique necessary to evaluate the individual performance. In order to gain long-term objectivity it is important to evaluate individual capacity on the basis of performance. Rewards at Star Industries are distributed on the basis of their performance. Employees performing at par are been rewarded monetarily. This allow in gaining recognition and long term understanding in between the employees and the employers (Scullion and Collings, 2011). The organization is able to gain competitive over the other organization in the industry. In order to gain sustainable objectives it is important to evaluate individual performance without any biasness. This provides them with a strong base to perform well. This will help in gaining sustainability among the employees. The overall purpose it to understand the employees behavior and giving them a chance to grow efficiently. 3 job evaluation methods used at STAR Industries This policy related to the job evaluation is reviewed annually. After 12 months of permanent service, every employees has to make an extra contribution to the superannuation Fund. The contribution starts on the next payday after the first anniversary. For retaining employees, STAR Industries is devoted to attracting and retaining top quality employees. The organization ensures that the employees are highly satisfied develop additional skills and information essential to guarantee STARs continuing success. Internal relativity/equity Job evaluation is one of the important aspects in systematic progress for evaluating the relative worth of the organization. A wide-ranging analysis at every position derives value for the employer. The job evaluation is a measurement tool for the internal relativity. The analysis contributes to draw an effective job design. This process thereby helps in providing a specific competency by understanding skills and competency required to meet the job functions. The overall goal of the organization is to evaluate the job evaluation program where the employee is promoted as per his qualification and responsibility. The job evaluation needs to be conducted considerably in order to imitate the current role and procedure. It is done to give recognition to existing employees There expectations is to retain the most efficient employees in the organization and to provide them with a guaranteed growth (Werner and DeSimone, 2011). The organization has a better human resource policy helping them. Job Ranking is the simplest technique to make a job assessment by ranking jobs in order from highest to lowest. Job Classification divides the Groups in comparable positions into job classes based on pre-defined class terms. The Point Factor is widely used technique to conduct internal relativity. Job descriptions are evaluated to compensable factors. Points are allocated to the variety of factors that obtain a total score and conclude the appropriate pay level (Armstrong and Taylor, 2014). Lastly the Factor Comparison technique is used to identify Benchmark positions based on compensable factors. The factors are assigned in term of monetary and non-monetary functions. External relativity/equity Employees tend to make comparison with the organization in the same industry. It is thereby allowing in making a quick comparison. Star Industries is paying the best remuneration in the industry. Employees do compare it with the other companies that tend to raise their expectations (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart and Wright, 2007). Interpersonal relativity/equity People tend to compare their salary with the other people working in the organization. Star Industries is paying remuneration as per the level of experience with the company. There is no bias in case of disbursement of salary. Employees are paid according to the amount of experience and the level at which he/she is working (Stahl, Bjrkman and Morris, 2012). Steps to validate employees effort to reduce turnover Employee motivation is the key to gain trust in employees. Employees leave the organization in case if they are not given recognition. For gaining employees trust it is important to develop a systematic recognition process. It is recommended that the organization should carry out the recognition process by evaluating it on the yearly basis. Employees should be listened in the appraisal meeting and should be given an opportunity to measure effective growth (Schuler and Jackson, 2008). Methods applicable In order to realize employees efforts the organization need to realize individual efforts. There is an effective appraisal, compensation and bonus method. Bonus is been paid on the annually basis. Employees are given an opportunity to present their views and provide with an effective review at the end of the year. Salary surveys, wages and benefits paid in industry or geographical location The Level 1 management positions includes General Manager, Manufacturing General Manager, Sales. The base salary for this category is (LL) $74,000 to (UL) $104,000. The Level 2 management positions are: General Manager, Finance Administration IT Services Manager The base salary for this category is (LL) $63,000 to (UL) $80,000. The Level 3 management positions are: General Manager, Human Resources General Manager, Marketing Area Sales Managers. The base salary for this category is management positions is currently (LL) $55,000 to (UL) $63,000. Whereas the salary of the CEO is higher than Level 1, and is evaluated annually by the Board of STAR Industries. Possible market positions an organisation The organization is positioned at one of the most effective place by gaining employees interest. They are deliberately functioning to provide with applicable results. Star Industries is giving the best remuneration in the industry and thereby giving employees with other benefits in order to grow more efficiently. They have eventually gained a better position in the market due to its objectives and zeal to over perform. The employees are hired on best packages that are helping in meeting the objectives of the organization (Price, 2007). Range of benefits The benefits are been offered at the prudence of the CEO and the Managers at STAR Industries. They receive an annual bonus connected straight to performance of the organization. The Bonuses given to the employees are reviewed annually. The Incentives Level 1-3 managers are also engaged in the Manufacturing and Marketing of STAR Industries. Employees, who are under the direct employment for a continuous 12 years of service, will add a supplementary 2% to every management level, or an extra 1% to each usual employees superannuation. This part is completely employer-funded Policy. The purpose is to guarantee long-term sustainability and goals Salary packaging The salary is based on the different level of pay scale at each and every level. There are three levels in the organization. Salary is being paid according to the pre-decided remuneration. Moreover the base salary for Level 1 is divided into $74,000 to (UL) $104,000. The level 2 is receiving a salary of $63,000 to (UL) $80,000 whereas the level 3 is receiving a salary of (LL) $55,000 to (UL) $63,000. Impact of FBT on salary packaging, novated leasing arrangements and reporting requirements At Stars Industries the Benefits are reviewed annually and applied to Level 3 and above Management positions. It is evident to notice that the FBT is applicable on some benefits. This technique allow in retaining the employees for a longer time-period. It creates a sense of belongingness with the organization. An employee feel accomplished and wants to work more proactively in organization growth. The overall purpose is to gain relativity in terms of growth and competitiveness. It is one of the employee retention technique used by the employers to create differentiation in the mind of the employees. It is possibly done in order to create relationship between employee and employer. In order to retain employees the Level 3 employees are receiving FBT. This is important for gaining organizational goal. Recommendations to STAR Industries to be an employer choice It is recommended that the organization need to develop an effective employee engagement and management plan. This is for guaranteeing a systematic growth. An employee requires growth after a definite period of time. The organization is dedicated towards individual growth and development. In order to gain long term sustainable growth the organization has to develop an effective employee retention plan. This can be made possible by complying with the effective policies (Storey, 2007). Further the organization has to develop a well-managed plan by motivating an individual growth and development. By improving the current HRM function it is possible to manage the organization in the most appropriate way. . Rewards at Star Industries are distributed on the basis of their performance. Employees performing at par are been rewarded monetarily. The overall purpose is to gain competency on a long run and to attain longevity in term of employee retention. The employer has to develop an effective an appropriate function by gaining long-term effectiveness. The purpose of the human resource management function is to develop an effective growth status. This is to provide an individual growth to the employees and to manage growth References Marchington, M., Wilkinson, A., Donnelly, R. and Kynighou, A., 2016.Human resource management at work. Kogan Page Publishers. Noe, R.A., Hollenbeck, J.R., Gerhart, B. and Wright, P.M., 2007.Fundamentals of human resource management. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Price, A., 2007.Human resource management in a business context. Cengage Learning EMEA. Schuler, R.S. and Jackson, S.E., 2008.Strategic human resource management. John Wiley Sons. Scullion, H. and Collings, D., 2011.Global talent management. Routledge. Stahl, G.K., Bjrkman, I. and Morris, S. eds., 2012.Handbook of research in international human resource management. Edward Elgar Publishing. Storey, J., 2007.Human resource management: A critical text. Cengage Learning EMEA. Werner, J.M. and DeSimone, R.L., 2011.Human resource development. Cengage Learning. Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Bloom, N. and Van Reenen, J., 2011. Human resource management and productivity.Handbook of labor economics,4, pp.1697-1767.

The Legitimacy Of The Armed Struggle Of The Tamil People Essay Example For Students

The Legitimacy Of The Armed Struggle Of The Tamil People Essay Democracy may mean acceding to the rule of the majority,but democracy also means governments by discussion andpersuasion. It is the belief that the minority of today maybecome the majority of tomorrow that ensures the stabilityof a functioning democracy. The practice of democracy inSri Lanka within the confines of a unitary state served toperpetuate the oppressive rule of a permanent Sinhalamajority. It was a permanent Sinhala majority, which through a series oflegislative and administrative acts, ranging fromdisenfranchisement, and standardisation of University admissions,to discriminatory language and employment policies, and statesponsored colonisation of the homelands of the Tamil people,sough to establish its hegemony over people of Tamil Eelam. These legislative and administrative acts were reinforced fromtime to time with physical attacks on the Tamil people with intentto terrorise and intimidate them into submission. It was a courseof conduct which led eventually to rise of Tamil militancy in themid 1970s with, initially, sporadic acts of violence. The militancywas met with wide ranging retaliatory attacks on increasinglylarge sections of the Tamil people with intent, once again tosubjugate them. In the late 1970s large numbers of Tamil youthswere detained without trial and tortured under emergencyregulations and later under the Prevention of Terrorism Actwhich has been described by the International Commission ofJurists as a blot on the statute book of any civilised country. In1980s and thereafter, there were random killings of Tamils bythe state security forces and Tamil hostages were taken by thestate when suspects were not found. We will write a custom essay on The Legitimacy Of The Armed Struggle Of The Tamil People specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The preamble to the Universal Declaration of Human Rightsreads: Whereas it is essential if man is not compelled as alast resort to rebellion against tyranny andoppression, that human rights should be protectedby the rule of law.The rise of the armed struggle of the Tamil people constituted theTamil rebellion against a continuing Sinhala oppression over aperiod of several decades. The gross consistent and continuingviolations of the human rights of the Tamil people have been welldocumented by innumerable reports of human rightsorganisations as well as of independent observers of the SriLankan scene. Walter Schwarz commented in the Minority Rights GroupReport on Tamils of Sri Lanka, 1983The makings of an embattled freedom movementnow seem assembled: martyrs, prisoners and apitiful mass of refugees. Talk of Biafra which hadsounded misplaced in 1975, seemed less unreal afew years later As this report goes to press inSeptember 1983, the general outlook for humanrights in Sri Lanka is not promising. The presentconflict has transcended the special considerationof minority rights and has reached the point wherethe basic human rights of the Tamil community therights to life and property, freedom of speech andself expression and freedom from arbitrary arresthave in fact and in law been subject to gross andcontinued violations. The two communities aremow polarised and continued repression coupledwith economic stagnation can only producestronger demands from the embattled minority,which unless there is a change in direction by thecentral government, will result in a strongerSinhalese back lash and the possibility of outrightcivil war. David Selbourne remarked in July 1984: The crimes committed by the Sri Lankan stateagainst the Tamil minority against its physicalsecurity, citizenship rights, and politicalrepresentation -are of growing gravity.. Reportafter report by impartial bodies By AmnestyInternational, By the International Commission ofjurists, By parliamentary delegates from the Westby journalists and scholars have set out clearly thescale of growing degeneration of the political andphysical well being of the Tamil minority in SriLanka Their cause represents the very essence ofthe cause of human rights and justice; and to denyit, debases and reduces us all. .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd , .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd .postImageUrl , .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd , .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd:hover , .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd:visited , .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd:active { border:0!important; } .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd:active , .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u78806983e624299db06526246a0f4bfd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Biology And Human Evolution EssayA Working Group chaired by Goran Backstrand, of the SwedishRed Cross at the Second Consultation on Ethnic Violence,Development and Human Rights, Netherlands, in February 1985concluded:There was a general consensus that within SriLanka today, the Tamils do not have the protectionof the rule of law, that the Sri Lankan governmentpresents itself as a democracy in crisis, and thatneither the government, nor its friends abroad,appreciate the serious inroads on democracy whichhave been made by the legislative, administrative,and military measures which are being taken. Theextreme measures which are currently beingadopted by the government inevita bly provokeextreme reactions from the other side The normallife of the (Tamil) population of the North has beenseriously affected. People either have greatdifficulty or find it completely impossible to continuewith their employment and there is a severeshortage of food and basic necessities Many Tamilsare daily fleeing across the Palk Straits to SouthernIndia. The continuing colonisation of Tamil areaswith Sinhalese settlers is exacerbating thesituation and the country is on the brink of civilwar.Senator A.L.Missen, Chairman, Australian Parliamentary Groupof Amnesty International, expressed his growing concern inMarch 1986:Some 6000 Tamils have been killed altogether inthe last few years These events are notaccidental. It can be seen that they are the result ofa deliberate policy on the part of the Sri Lankangovernment Democracy in Sri Lanka does notexist in any real sense. The democracy of Sri Lankahas been described in the following terms, termswhich are a fair and accurate descri ption: Thereluctance to hold general elections, the muzzling ofthe opposition press, the continued reliance onextraordinary powers unknown to a freedemocracy, arbitrary detention without access tolawyers or relations, torture of detainees on asystematic basis , the intimidation of the judiciary bythe executive, the disenfranchisement of theopposition, an executive President who holdsundated letters of resignation from members of thelegislature, an elected President who publiclydeclares his lack of care for the lives or opinion of asection of his electorate, and the continuedsubjugation of the Tamil people by a permanentSinhala majority, within the confines of an unitaryconstitutional frame, constitute the reality ofdemocracy, Sri Lankan style.The reports speak for themselves and that which emerges is achilling pattern of a forty year genocide attack on the Tamilpeople intended to subjugate them within an unitary SinhalaBuddhist state. Karen Parker of the Non Governmental Human RightsOrganisation, International Educational Development put itsuccinctly at the 42nd Sessions of UN Sub Commission on theProtection of Minorities. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights statesthat all persons, including members of minoritygroups, have the right to the full realisation of theirhuman rights and to an international order in whichtheir rights can be realised. The Sri Lanka situation has shown that for the pastforty years, the Sinhala controlled government hasbeen unwilling and unable to promote and protectthe human rights of the Tamil population, and theTamil population has accordingly lost all confidencein any present or future willingness or ability of theSinhala majority to do so. Are people in thissituation required to settle for less than their fullrights. Can the international community impose on apeople a forced marriage they no longer want andin which they can clearly demonstrate they havebeen Abused? We consider that in the case of SriLanka, 40 years is clearly enough for any group towait for their human rights.The inhabitants of the Northeast of the island of Sri Lankaconstitute a people and are thereby entitled to the right of selfdetermination. Since it has been recognised that the exercise ofthis right is not designed to dominate others but rather to escapedomination by others, the international community, through theGeneral Assembly Resolutions on Friendly Relations AmongStates (Resolution 2625) and on Definition of Aggression (act 7)and 1977 Additional Protocol I to the Geneva convention of1949 (Act 1 C4), declared that as a last resort armed strugglecan be used as a method of exercising the right of selfdetermination. The Sri Lankan governments use of force indenying the Tamils right to self determination is in violation ofArticles 1 (2), 1 (3), 2 (4) and 56 of the United Nations Charter. .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd , .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd .postImageUrl , .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd , .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd:hover , .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd:visited , .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd:active { border:0!important; } .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd:active , .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u31becf01386856392e309dbd4db6f5dd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cloning and Stem Cell Research EssayThe Tamil people have been subjected to brutal and crudepersonal psychological and institutional violence by the Sri Lankagovernment and its agencies. The Sri Lanka Government hasbuilt up a massive 70,000 member armed force constitutedexclusively of Sinhalese and allocated immense funds for itssupport. The Tamils have resorted to arms to defend themselvesand the war being waged by the Liberation Tigers is a defensivewar. Unlike the measures adopted by the Sri Lankangovernment, this struggle is not aimed at domination; instead itserves to protect the sovereign identity of the Tamil people. The armed struggle of the Tamil people is both just and lawfulbecause the rule of law for the Tamil people had ceased to exist;because the Government of Sri Lanka had become a racistgovernment; and because the oppressed people of that racistgovernment were compelled to resort to arms to defendthemselves against that oppression. Based on reason and international law and coupled with theabsence of any internal or external machinery to realise the Tamilright to self determination, the Tamils resistance evolved frompeaceful agitation to armed struggle. As Professor Reisman ofthe Yale Law School states, insistence on non violence anddeference to all established in a system with many injusticescan be tantamount to confirmation and reinforcement of theseinjustices. In some circumstances violence may be the lastappeal.. of a group.. for some measure of human dignity. The international communitys recognition of a Peoples right todefend themselves and to use force to secure their legitimatepolitical objectives is reinforced by the contemporary politicaldiscourse. The formation of armed forces by the Ukraine,Moldavia; Georgia and Armenia and the European CommunitysPeace plan for Yugoslavias current crisis are all proof of theabove mentioned proposition. The legitimacy of the armed conflict of the people of Tamil Eelamwas afforded open international recognition when the combatantsin the armed conflict, participated in talks with a speciallyappointed Minister of the government of Sri Lanka at meetingsconvened by the Indian Government at Thimphu in 1985. It wasa legitimacy which was reinforced in February 1987, by theUnited Nations Commission on Human Right when it adopted aresolution on Sri Lanka in which the armed conflict wasdiscussed in terms of humanitarian law. Again, it was a legitimacywhich the Indo Sri Lankan Agreement signed by the PrimeMinister of India and the President of Sri Lanka in July 1987,recognised when it described the Tamil militant movement ascombatants in an armed conflict. Finally, in 1989/90, theLiberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam engaged in direct talks with thegovernment of Sri Lanka and were accorded recognition ascombatants. The statement made on behalf of the joint Front of TamilLiberation Organisations at the Thimphu Talks in 1985 serves tounderline the just and lawful nature of the struggle of the Tamilpeople:We are a liberation movement which wascompelled to resort to the force of arms because allforce of reason had failed to convince thesuccessive Sri Lankan government in the past. Further under conditions of national oppression andthe intensification of state terrorism and genocideagainst our people, the demand for a separate statebecome the only logical expression of theoppressed Tamil people. Our armed struggle is themanifestation of that logical expression.The future of that lawful armed struggle clearly falls to bedetermined in the context of the security of the Tamil people andtheir right to self determination and these are matters forresolution across a negotiating table, not in vacuum.